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At
the beginning of the 20th century, a young and vibrant socialist
movement anticipated decades of greatadvances on the road to a world free
from capitalist exploitation—a socialist society built on the enduring
principles of equality, justice and solidarity among peoples. At the end of
the 20th century, such hope and vision seem all but lost.
The unbridled power of transnational
corporations, underwritten by the major capitalist nations, has created a
world economy where the wealth and power of a few is coupled with insecurity
and downward mobility for the vast majority of working people—in both the
Northern and Southern hemispheres. Traditional left prescriptions have
failed on both sides of the Communist/socialist divide. Global economic
integration has rendered
obsolete both the social democratic solution of independent national
economies sustaining a strong social welfare state and the Communist
solution of state-owned national
economies fostering social development.
The globalization of capital requires a renewed
vision and
tactics. But the essence of the socialist vision—that
people can
freely and democratically control their community
and society— remains central to the movement for radical democracy. Those
who see the collapse of communist regimes, for which
the rhetoric of socialism became a cover for authoritarian rule, as proof
that capitalism is the foundation of democracy, commit fraud on history.
The struggle for mass democracy has always been led by the excluded—workers,
minorities, and women. The wealthy almost
never join in unless their own economic
freedom appears at stake. The
equation of capitalism with democracy
cannot survive scrutiny in a world where
untrammeled capitalism means unrelenting poverty, disease, and unemployment.
Today, powerful corporate and political
elites tell us that environmental standards are too high, unemployment is
too low, and workers earn too much for America to prosper in the next
century. Their vision is too close for
comfort: inequality of wealth and
income has grown worse in the last 15 years: one percent of
America now owns 60 percent of our wealth, up from 50 percent before Ronald
Reagan became president. Nearly three decades after the “War on Poverty”
was declared and then quickly abandoned, one-fifth of our society subsists
in poverty, living in substandard housing, attending under-funded,
overcrowded schools, and receiving inadequate health care.
In the global capitalist economy, these injustices are magnified a
thousand-fold. The poorest third of humanity earns two percent of the
world’s income, while the richest fifth receives
two-thirds of global income. And while every middle
class household
in the developed world aims to own a personal
computer, millions elsewhere are forever hungry. Such
injustice
is not a force of nature, but the logical
outcome of the economic dominance of transnational corporations backed by
the dominant capitalist governments. |
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Gender and sexuality.
Our conception of socialism is also
deeply feminist and anti-racist. We are committed to full equality
for women in all spheres of life, in a world without
prescribed sex roles that channel women
into subordinate positions at home and at work. We seek a world that no
longer oppresses women through under valuation of their work, lack of
political representation, the inability to control their own fertility,
denial of their sexuality, or violence and abuse. Gender equality requires
great changes in social attitudes, in economic and social structures, and in
relationships between men and women and adults and children. The socialist
society we seek to create will not discriminate on the basis of sexual
orientation. It will value sexuality and all sexual relationships—gay,
lesbian, heterosexual—based on mutual respect and the enhancement of human
dignity.
Racial equality.
Our concept of socialism is forthrightly
anti-racist. After more than 350 years, racism is deeply ingrained in our
country’s institutions, social patterns, consciousness,
and even social movements. The postwar
civil rights movement broke the
back of segregation and renewed the struggle against its consequences,
bringing to the left in America a new moral vision and a more developed
understanding of the importance of community, institutional networks, and
popular symbols in shaping a political movement. To be genuinely
multiracial, a socialist movement must respect the particular goals of
African Americans, Latinos, Native Americans, Asian Americans and other
communities of color. It must place a high priority on economic justice to
eradicate the sources of inequality; on affirmative action and other
compensatory programs to overcome ongoing
discrimination and the legacy of inequality; and on social justice to change
the behavior, attitudes, and ideas that foster racism.
Democratic community.
Democratic socialists recognize that
for individuals to flourish, a society must be grounded in the moral values
and institutions of a democratic community that provides quality education
and job training, social services, and meaningful work for all. Leaving the
provision of such common needs to the private marketplace guarantees a
starkly inegalitarian class system of access to opportunity.
Democratic socialists are committed to
political institutions
based on one voice, one vote, and to
the elimination of the
pernicious and corrupting influence of corporate money from public
political deliberation. Socialist democracy fosters popular participation at
every level of decision-making. In an age when
global communications technologies are
within the reach of hundreds of
millions of people, such a commitment means equal access to information,
increased democratic - and not corporate -
control over public policy, and
decentralized, democratic
institutions wherever possible in workplaces, neighborhoods, and schools.
Liberty
A democratic commitment to a vibrant
pluralist life assumes the need for a democratic, responsive, and
representative government to regulate the market, protect the environment,
and ensure a basic level of equality and equity for each citizen. In the
21st century, such regulation will increasingly occur through international,
multilateral action. But while a democratic state can protect individuals
from domination by inordinately powerful, undemocratic transnational
corporations, people develop the social bonds that render life meaningful
only through cooperative, voluntary relationships. Promoting such bonds is
the responsibility of socialists and government alike. Democratic socialism
is committed both to a freedom of speech that does not recoil from dissent
and to the freedom to organize independent trade unions, women’s groups,
political parties, and other social movements. We are committed to a freedom
of religion
and
conscience that acknowledges the rights of those for whom spiritual concerns
are central and the rights of those who reject organized religion. Control
of economic, social, and cultural life by either government or corporate
elites is hostile to the vision
of
democratic pluralism embraced by
democratic socialism. The social
welfare programs of government have been for the most part positive, if
partial, responses to the genuine social needs of the great majority of
Americans. The dismantling of such programs by conservative and corporate
elites in the absence of any alternatives will be disastrous. Abandoning
schools, health care, and housing, for example, to the control of an
unregulated free market magnifies the existing harsh realities of inequality
and injustice.
Democratic Control of Productive
and Social Life
The Capitalist Marketplace
As democratic socialists we are
committed to ensuring that any market is the servant of the public good and
not its master. Liberty,
equality, and solidarity will require
not only democratic control over
economic life, but also a progressively financed, decentralized, and quality
public sector. Free markets or private charity cannot provide adequate
public goods and services.
Transnational corporate domination does
not result merely from the operation of a pure market, but from conscious
government actions, from tax policy to deregulation, that structure the
economy in the interest of corporate power. The capitalist market economy
not only suppresses global living standards but also
leads to chronic underfunding of
socially necessary public goods,
from research and development to preventive health care and job training.
The market and its ideology are rife
with internal contradictions. While capitalists abhor public planning as
inefficient and counterproductive, transnational corporations make
decisions with tremendous social consequences, including automation,
plant shutdowns and relocations, mergers
and acquisitions, new investment and
disinvestment—all without democratic input. They also engage in unrelenting
efforts to control the market, even through illegal means such as price
fixing, antitrust violations, and other forms of collusion.
In the workplace, capitalism eschews
democracy. Individual employees
do not negotiate the terms of their employment, except in rare
circumstances when their labor is very highly skilled. Without unions,
employees are hired and fired at will. Corporations govern through
hierarchical power relations more characteristic of monopolies than of free
markets. Simply put, the domination of the economy by privately owned
corporation is not the most rational and equitable way to govern our
economic life.
Vision of a Socialist Economy
The operation of a democratic socialist
economy is the subject of
continuing debate within DSA. First it must mirror democratic
socialism’s commitment to institutional
and social pluralism. Democratic,
representative control over fiscal, monetary, and trade policy would enable
citizens to have a voice in setting the basic framework of economic
policy—what social investment is needed, who should own or control basic
industries, and how they might be governed.
While broad investment decisions and
fiscal and monetary policies are
best made by democratic processes,
many argue that the market best
coordinates supply with demand for goods, services, and labor. Regulated
markets can guarantee efficiency, consumer choice and labor mobility.
However, democratic socialists recognize that market mechanisms do generate
inequalities of wealth and income. But, the social ownership
characteristic of a socialist society will greatly limit inequality. In
fact, widespread worker and public ownership will greatly lessen the
corrosive effect of capitalists markets on people’s lives. Social need will
outrank narrow profitability as the measure of success for our economic
life.
Interactions of Economy and Society
Democratic socialists are committed to
the development of social
movements dedicated to ending any and all
forms of noneconomic
domination. As activists within these
movements, with a visible socialist
identity, we bring an analysis of how the globalization
of capital influences racism, sexism,
homophobia, and environmental
degradation.
Economic democracy alone cannot end the
domination of some over others, but it is a prerequisite, especially given
how global capital uses racial, national, and gender divisions to divide
the world’s work force. Yet traditional assumptions about the universal
nature of the working class no longer adequately
describe who will fight for a radical
democracy. People identify
with the fight for social justice in
many ways. As socialists within
the social movements, we bring a
vision and politics that argues
for the democratic control of transnational corporate power as a necessary,
though not sufficient, condition for racial, gender, and economic justice.
Racism, sexism, xenophobia, and
resentment of the poor are exacerbated by economic insecurity. Those
threatened by economic restructuring and decline may view less privileged
people as competitors or even enemies. For example, some have caricatured
affirmative action as a system of strict racial quotas
and
preferences, ensuring jobs for the non-qualified, rather than as
a largely successful effort to open up
the job market to women and people of color excluded by existing, often
prejudicial, methods of recruitment and hiring. Racism, sexism, and
homophobia are not the only forms of oppression that both predate
capitalism and are continually transformed by it. The persistence of
anti-Semitism, for example, has no
single explanation.
Discrimination based on age is prevalent and affects both young and old.
Discrimination occurs in a myriad of forms, and a socialist society must
eradicate all of them.
Ending environmental degradation and
building a sustainable world—meeting today’s needs without jeopardizing
future generations—require new ways of thinking about socialism as well. The
depletion of nonrenewable resources and the pollution of our air and water
argue for both regulatory protection and reforming market incentives in
order to reverse corporate and individual behavior. The victims of pollution
are most often people of color and lower income communities. Environmental
protection and environmental justice must be part of a democratic socialist
agenda.
Social movements have helped democratic
socialists to shape a broader perspective of socialism—one that recognizes
that economic change is a necessary, but not sufficient condition, for
justice. They have guided us toward a deeper pluralist
vision of socialism as the humanizing
of relationships between men and
women, between whites and people of color, and between all of us and the
environment.
The Global Economy, Global Politics and
the State
The last decade has witnessed massive
shifts in global politics and the global economy. These changes have shaped
and been shaped by technological change, a new awareness of humanity’s
connection to our environment, an increasing recognition of the
intersection between economics, environment and gender equality; changes in
the role of the state and of capital; and much more. Yet the
outcome—increasing accumulation of
wealth and power in the hands of a few,
despoliation of the environment,
and individual isolation and alienation,
versus enhanced quality of life,
sustainable development and strengthened communities—remains to be seen.
The Global Economy
In the emerging global capitalist
economy, the controlling economic institutions—the transnational
corporations—have integrated financing, production, distribution and
consumption on a vast scale. They now have the capacity to function as
“stateless” institutions,
relatively independent of any particular national economy.
National governments, even in Western
Europe and North America, have ever more difficulty controlling capital,
currency flows, and investment while defending the living standards of
working people. The result is
that the majority of wage and income earners in the advanced capitalist
nations are now experiencing a long-term leveling down of wages and living
conditions tantamount to a gradual impoverishment of this vast working
class. The extent of impoverishment is in dispute, but many economists now
believe that only one-fifth of the population is rising in affluence, while
the rest are suffering a gradual or abrupt erosion of their living
standards.
Through globalization, capital eludes
governmental regulation. The
movement of capital across borders,
unlike the movement of labor, is all
but unrestricted. Indeed, under the World Trade Organization and the North
American Free Trade Agreement, laws protecting the rights of workers can be
deemed a barrier to free trade. |
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Trade is only one aspect of the global
economy. Development fostered by the World Bank and the International
Monetary Fund has encouraged strategies modeled on the North— resource and
capital-intensive—with little regard for indigenous
communities or environments. The end
result has too often been
enrichment of a wealthy few and
increased poverty and environmental
hazards for many. Emphasis on industrial
agriculture and cash crops for example,
has resulted in the destruction of rain
forests and in desertification in some
regions.
International development efforts
usually ignore indigenous
small-scale farming and community development
as nonproductive because they fail to
generate large amounts of cash, even as they improve living standards. Since
such activity is usually the province of women, its displacement has also
led to a decline in
women’s position. Today advocates of
sustainable and just development recognize the important connection of
environmental protection, eradication of poverty, and gender equity.
Global Politics
US dominance of the global economy is
buttressed by its political power
and military might. Indeed, the United States is engaged in a long-term
policy of imperial overreach in a period in which global instability will
probably increase. Elements of this instability include national, ethnic and
religious conflicts; economic decline and stagnation of subordinate
capitalist nations; trade rivalries among advanced capitalist nations; and
environmental degradation imperiling the quality of life.
Fifty years of world leadership have
taken their toll on the US. The links among heavy military spending, fiscal
imbalance, and a weakening economy are too clear to ignore. Domestically,
the United States faces social and structural economic problems
of a magnitude unknown to other
advanced capitalist states. The
resources needed to sustain US dominance are a drain on the
national economy, particularly the most
neglected and underdeveloped
sectors. Nowhere is a struggle against militarism more pressing than in the
United States, where the military budget bleeds the public sector of much
needed funds for social programs.
No country, even a superpower like the
United States, can guarantee peace and stability, never mind justice. Only a
genuinely multinational armed force can intervene in violent conflicts to
enforce generally accepted standards of human rights and democratic
practices.
Such peacekeeping is one important
function that must be strengthened within a new global governance.
Enforcement of international standards is another. Treaties on human rights,
international labor standards, women’s rights, and environmental protection
have all been ratified by many nations (albeit generally not by the US).
Enforcement remains problematic. New international regulatory bodies must
ensure that the interests of all the world’s people are protected with the
power to tax transnational corporations that can now escape national taxes.
A Strategy for the Next Left
Socialists have historically supported
public ownership and control of the major economic institutions of
society—the large corporations—in order to eliminate the injustice and
inequality of a class-based society, and have depended on the organization
of a working class party to gain state power to achieve such ends. In the
United States, socialists joined with others on the Left to build a
broad-based, anti-corporate coalition, with the unions at the center, to
address the needs of the majority by opposing the excesses of private
enterprise. Many socialists have seen the Democratic Party, since at least
the New Deal, as the key political arena in which to consolidate this
coalition, because the Democratic Party held the allegiance of our natural
allies. Through control of the government by the Democratic Party coalition,
led by anti-corporate forces, a progressive program regulating the
corporations, redistributing income, fostering economic growth and
expanding social programs could be realized.
With the end of the post-World War II
economic boom and the rise of global economic competitors in East Asia
and Europe
in the 1970s came the demise of the
brief majoritarian moment
of this progressive coalition that
promised—but did not deliver—
economic and social justice for
all. A vicious corporate assault on the trade union movement and a
right-wing racist, populist appeal to downwardly mobile, disgruntled white
blue-collar workers contributed to the disintegration of the liberal wing of
the Democratic Party in the 1970s and 1980s.
Today, the mildly redistributive welfare
state liberalism of the 1960s,
which accepted the corporate dominance
of economic decision-making, can no
longer be the programmatic basis for a majoritarian progressive politics.
New Deal and Great Society liberalism depended upon redistribution at the
margins of an ever-expanding economic pie. But today corporations no longer
aspire to expand production and consumption by raising global living
standards; rather, global capital engages in a race to increase profits by
“downsizing” and lowering wages.
With the collapse of the political
economy of corporate liberalism
came the atrophy of the very institutions upon which the progressive
politics of the New Deal and Great Society had been constructed. No longer
do the social bases for a majoritarian democratic politics—strong trade
unions, social movements and urban, Democratic political machines—simply
await mobilization by a proper electoral appeal. Rather, a next left must
be built from the grassroots up.
Given the
globalization of economic power, such grassroots
movements
will increasingly focus upon building
a
countervailing power to that of the transnational corporations. A number of
positive signs of this
democratic and grassroots
realignment have emerged. New labor leadership has pledged to organize a
workforce increasingly constituted by women, people of color, and immigrant
workers. Inner-city grassroots community organizations are placing
reinvestment, job creation, and economic democracy at the heart of their
organizing. The women’s movement increasingly argues that only by
restructuring work and childcare can true gender equality be realized. And
the fight for national health
care—a modest reform long provided
by all other
industrial democracies—united a broad
coalition of activists and
constituencies.
But such movements cannot be solely
national in scope. Rather, today’s social movements must be as global as the
corporate power they confront; they must cooperate across national
boundaries and promote democratic regulation of transnational capital.
If socialism cannot be achieved
primarily from above, through a democratic government that owns, control and
regulates the major corporations, then it must emerge from below, through a
democratic transformation of the institutions of civil society, particularly
those in the economic sphere—in other words, a program for economic
democracy.
As inequalities of wealth and income
increase and the wages and living
standards of most are stagnant or falling, social needs expand. Only a
revitalized public sector can universally and democratically meet those
needs.
Economic Democracy.
Economic democracy can empower
wage and income earners through building
cooperative and public
institutions that own and control local
economic resources. Economic
democracy means, in the most general terms, the direct
ownership and/or control of much of the
economic resources of society by
the great majority of wage and income earners. Such a transformation of work
life directly embodies and presages the practices and principles of a
socialist society.
Alternative economic institutions, such
as cooperatives and consumer, community, and worker-owned facilities are
central to economic democracy. Equally important is t |